Pharmaceutical industry - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3204 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Industry Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical industry is constantly undergoing a change. In the past pharmaceuticals had a different strategy, companies use to build all the products internally and confine access to information or resources to third parties. The past situation is changing. Outsourcing the current mantra of pharmaceutical industry. It is being used more strategically as an ongoing part of a companys overall business strategy. Outsourced activities can be in various fields right from the drug discovery till manufacturing of the products. Pharmaceutical firms have long outsourced functions such as manufacturing, packaging, clinical trials. This report starts with the declining trend of RD productivity. It focuses on providing outsourcing as a solution for the declining productivity. The three drivers: Transaction cost economy, Resources based view and Institutional theory provides theoretical perspective in relation with a pharmaceutical company. This report will address critical issues, theoretical perspective, conclusion and a future outlook for Pharmaceutical companies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pharmaceutical industry" essay for you Create order INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical industry has been one of the most profitable industries in the past with a high rate of financial performance and value creation. If we look into the mid 80s and 90s we will get to know that the pharmaceutical sector had certain differentiating features from the rest of the industries. One of the distinguishing features was generation of the high revenues from the sale of blockbuster drugs. These drugs were secured by patents and thus a pharmaceutical company had to counter only monopolistic competition for such a drug. As the pharmaceutical companies had high profit margins, it became an attractive sector for the investors with very low stock volatility. The annual growth return of the industry has been around 9 to 11% in the recent years. The core operations of pharmaceutical companies were Research and Development (RD) and Sales Marketing. Most of these operations were carried by companies in-house. The pharmaceutical companies invested heavily in RD in the hope that this investment will translate into new drugs. The cost of RD is so high that the companies did not give any importance to internal efficiencies with respect to cost. Most of the pharmaceutical operations of clinical research, RD etc were done in developed countries like USA and western European nations as the facilities for carrying out such operations were situated there only. Leaders to Laggards But now the scenario has changed in recent years. From December 2000 to February 2008 the top 15 companies in the industry lost roughly $850 billion in shareholder value, and the price of their shares fell from 32 times earnings, on average, to 13 (Garnier, 2008). Even though pharmaceutical industry has an impressive growth background but the current market is showing a steep downturn in shareholders return. The average annual return to the shareholders which was 20.3% during 1985-2000 has declined drastically to all time low -0.7% during 2001-2007 (Garnier, 2008). The main reasons for industries plight are * The average time from drug discovery phase to approval has increased over the years. The Tufts Centre for the Study of Drug Development estimates that the average time for a drug to progress from preclinical trials through to approval has risen from 11.6 years in the 1970s through to 14.9 years in 2001. The increased time to roll out a new drug has direct implications on th e revenues as each day lost counts lost sales * The increase complexity of regulatory submissions and clinical trials has led to an increased expenditure on research and development process. * Expiry of the patents for vital ‘blockbuster drugs. Earlier whenever a new drug was launched, it was protected by patents. But after 10-12 years, when the patents expire it lead to the entry of low priced generics which consequently wiped out the revenues of blockbuster drugs in a matter of few weeks. Of the 44 products generating blockbuster sales in 2000, 33 will lose patent protection in the US before 2007, exposing approximately $45.5bn of US ethical revenues to generic competition. Globally, patents protecting 80% of blockbusters in 2000 will expire by 2007, freeing up $67bn to generic erosion (Steve Birch, 2006). Thus there was an increased pressure on pharmaceutical companies to launch new products which in turn led to increase in the cost of RD. However the desired produ ctivity in the pharmaceutical companies did not show any significant increase. Although the industrys collective investment in RD from 1980 to 2006 mushroomed from $2 billion to $43 billion, the number of drugs approved by FDA was roughly the same (Garnier, 2006). Also the pharmaceutical industrys profitable heritage provided no impetus to strictly manage companys internal efficiencies with respect to cost, unlike other sectors. OUTSOURCING AS A SOLUTION Karsten B. Olsen (2006) defines outsourcing as â€Å"the relocation of jobs and processes to external providers regardless of the providers location†; he defined offshoring as â€Å"relocation of jobs and processes to any foreign country without distinguishing whether the provider is external or affiliated with the firm†. With soaring costs of RD and RD capacity shortfalls, pharmaceutical companies eventually had to seek the help of Clinical Research Organisations (CROs) as a mean of outsourcing clinical trials and RD. A contract research organization (CRO) is any company to which a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company can outsource part or all of the processes involved in the development of a product from compound to market (Alison Sahoo, 2006). CROs are emerging as the leading outsourcing partners of pharmaceutical companies. The CROs market has shown a tremendous growth from $2.2 billion in 1993 to $14 billion in 2006 (Sahoo.A, 2006). It has been estimated that pharmaceutical and biotech companies are now using CROs on more than 60% of their clinical projects and that the annual industry spend on contract clinical services rose to nearly US$10 billion in 2001 (Dr Faiz Kermani and Pietro Bonacossa, 2003). They provide a wide range of RD service for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. It includes Drug discovery services; Pre-clinical testing; Clinical trials management; Clinical management; Regulatory affairs advice; Health economics; Laboratory services; Biostatistical analysis; Clinical packaging; Biomanufacturing. The most common outsourced services are clinical monitoring for phase II-IV trials, clinical trial project management and data management. In recent years CROs have also started providing unusual services like drug discovery services, bio statistical analysis and pre clinical testing. DRIVERS FOR RD OUTSOURCING FROM THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE Research development is an imperative function in pharmaceutical industry. The companies which perform successful RD ensures that they have right systems at right place in order to achieve scientific breakthroughs along with right environment for innovative processes downstream to prosper. Gigantic costs and soaring risk rate makes the RD process complex for the pharmaceutical companies who have to maintain a balance with market considerations. Therefore a company has to decide whether to perform the job In-house or to get it done from external efficient CROs. Thus in a nut shell it is the matter of seeking best science wherever it resides, inside or outside. Following are key drivers of RD Outsourcing à ¼ Cost pressure à ¼ Increased complexity of clinical trials and regulatory submission à ¼ Declining RD productivity à ¼ Competitive pressure to bring new drugs à ¼ Rapid access to additional RD technology/capacity à ¼ Reduced fixed costs required In o rder to explain the drivers for RD outsourcing three theories have been outlined namely * Transaction Cost Economics * Resource-based View * Institutional Theory TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS Transaction Cost Economics is proposed by Ronald Coase and further developed by Oliver Williamson. According to TCE, whether a firm produces an input for its production depends on the degree of uncertainty related to the input, the specificity of the input or its underlying asset(s), the frequency of interactions with the supplier, and the opportunistic tendencies of the supplier ( Coase, 1937; Williamson, 1975, 1985). Coase recognizes the term â€Å"transaction costs† while studying why a firm does exist in his famous article ‘The Nature of Firm in 1937. The cost element of a transaction includes the information costs, the costs of setting up an agreement and costs of maintaining it. According to Williamson, the determinants of transaction costs are frequency, asset specificity, uncertainty, bounded rationality and opportunistic behaviour. According to Simon, bounded rationality refers to human behaviour that is â€Å"intended rational, but only limitedly soâ⠂¬  ( Simon, 1961, p. xxiv). Opportunism is explained by Williamson (1975) as â€Å"strategic manipulation of information or misrepresentation of intentions†. Williamson found that asset specificity plays an important role in finalizing the transaction. Asset specificity refers to the amount of investment pertaining to a particular transaction, having a high value for this transaction and that could not be â€Å"redeployable† (Williamson, 1985) for another transaction. If a transaction require high investment in specific assets by the focal firm, it is less likely for it to outsource. Therefore low asset specificity for pharmaceutical companies favours outsourcing and the long term cost saving become a key driver. For the pharmaceutical companies, using outsourcing can save long term expenses of establishing a comprehensive in-house infrastructure for pre-clinical and clinical trials which includes costs of human capital (doctors, analysts), extensive testing facil ities and equipment and variable costs related to patient recruitment. Depending upon the size and scope of the facility, initial expenses to build such an infrastructure can range from $10m to more than $500m with annual maintenance costs of an additional $2m to $100m. Moreover, the pharmaceutical company must continue to maintain them regardless of their level of use. Using a CRO limits the fixed assets that a drug developer requires, directing financial resources only to the services that are required at the time. On the CROs side, however, asset specificity is high. To compensate this, short term RD outsourcing expense can be extremely high. However, pharmaceutical companies can still achieve net advantage in the use of CRO because long term cost saving can outweigh such short term expenditure. Also pharmaceutical RD outsourcing is a bit controversial as there could be opportunistic behaviour on the side of supplier, because outsourcing RD could lead to leakage of valuable information related to the companys core competencies. Therefore it advisable to pharmaceutical companies to follow a ‘networked pharmaceutical model to face the longer-term challenges which states that major pharmaceutical companies, which currently operate approximately 80% of activities in-house, will eventually perform only 40% in-house. 60% of remaining activities will be conducted externally, via a carefully selected, risk managed portfolio of straight outsourcing arrangements and strategic alliances. As a result, pharmaceutical company normally outsources some mandate activities like clinical trials and data management while retain in-house more critical steps like drug discovery. Another important aspect which gives rise to transaction costs is uncertainty. Uncertainty refers to the inability to foresee the eventualities that might occur during the course of the transaction. The main reason for this is the duration of time over which the transaction will take place . Technological uncertainty refers to unanticipated changes in circumstances surrounding technology, i.e., new generations of technology that render existing technology. Technological uncertainty may serve as an incentive to outsource because internalization often requires greater resource commitments. Bounded rationality and opportunism along with uncertainty creates difficulties and increases the costs in a transaction. New drug requires new methods of delivery using technologies unfamiliar to the company. The speed of development of new drug discovery technologies makes it much more difficult for pharmaceutical companies that are not already up to date with the newest drug discovery techniques to remain ahead of the field. Therefore, it is simpler and less risky for pharmaceutical companies to obtain the most advanced drug discovery expertise from outside organizations. RESOURCE BASED VIEW The Resource Based View is concerned with explaining how organisations strive to acquire a new combination of strategic resources and gain competitive advantage. These resources can be physical resources, human resources and organisational resources (Barney, 1991). In essence, RBV puts forward that competitive advantage is not a function of just opportunities in the external environment but also a function of which resources the firm can identify, develop, deploy, and protect (Barney, 1991; Penrose, 1959; Wernerfeldt, 1989). In the context of increasing global competitive pressure, companies are advised to concentrate on their core competencies and utilize outsourcing to capitalize on the expertise of others ( Domberger, 1998; Porter, 1990; Prahalad and Hamel, 1990) According to Barney (1991), a resource with the potential to create competitive advantage must meet a number of criteria, including value, rarity, imitability and organization. For example a resource is unable to gen erate competitive advantage if it is easily imitated by the competitors. There is support that firms outsource non-strategic items when they believe suppliers have superior capabilities (Argyres, 1996). Resource based view suggests that in order to develop strategy that provides competitive advantage, companies should focus on their core competencies and acquire complementary resources from outside specialised agencies, means of outsourcing to capitalize on the expertise of others. Resource view based for a pharmaceutical company would be outsourcing non-core activities within RD, i.e., clinical trials, while retaining core activities in-house, i.e. drug discovery. The CRO provide complimentary resources and services after the drug discovery process which is retained in-house by the Pharmaceutical companies. The core competency within RD is drug discovery. The pharmaceutical companies can outsource their clinical trials to CROs. By doing this, a Pharmaceutical company can achi eve competitive advantage by improving the efficiency of the overall RD process and sharing risk of drug failures. The core competencies and the limited internal resource and capabilities of a pharmaceutical company can be combined with the complimentary resource and capabilities of Contract research organization to produce benefits like time to market, coat reduction and risk sharing. The relational view of risk sharing is that RBV emphasize strategic outsourcing. Being strategic means outsourcing should adopt a â€Å"relational view† linkage with exchange partners. The Drivers reduce risk and achieve win-win situation Risk sharing helps in establishing a successful and stable relationship. It helps to improve outsourcing process and internal resource planning. The overall business risks are reduced and there is minimum loss of intellectual property. INSTITUTIONAL THEORY Institutional theory provides a rich, complex view of organisations (Zucker, 1987). This theory states that organizational decision-making is influenced by normative pressures that arise from both external sources (i.e. government, industry alliance) and internal sources. These normative pressures and assumptions determine what constitutes appropriate or acceptable behaviour for the organisation (Oliver, 1997). Firms operating in a general environment are under pressure to behave in a similar way so as to gain legitimacy, resources and survival capabilities. According to institutional theory there are both external sources like government polices competition, regulatory factors and social factors and internal sources. These decision to outsource to taken by keeping these factors in mind. A pharmaceutical company, using the institutional perspective, when undergoes outsourcing in an alien country faces threats from government, competition, regulatory factors. These factors may ei ther help the firm in doing wee or fail in that market. Outsourcing RD by a Pharmaceutical company benefits in low cost and obtain greater flexibility. This results in competitive advantage. A company outsourcing its RD waits for other firms to outsource so that it can look at their performance and take a decision whether to enter that particular market or not. In the pharmaceutical industry, there are two kinds of pressure to outsource. First of all, regulations require more clinical trials before a new drug can be forwarded to approval (it can be extended also). This increases the cost pressure. Secondly, if there are firms that already adopt RD outsourcing and reap the benefit and thus gain an advantage. The other firms who follow feel the pressure. Otherwise, they might not be able to survive the competition. Newcomers to RD outsourcing face the following issues: 1. Operational Complexity: The operational complexity of is primarily characterised by the uncertainty of the system. 2. Intellectual property protection: There is risk of loss of intellectual property due to prevalent law related to protecting intellectual property The Pharmaceutical companies need to protect their patent rights. 3. Security issues From the transactional cost point of view, these indicate high initial uncertainty. But still, many more Pharmaceutical firms are adopting outsourcing. Thats because those early adopters have found means of overcoming or managing these issues and so as to gain benefit. As discussed in the resource based view, establishing a close relationship is the key. This creates pressure for the whole industry to increasingly outsource their RD. There are a number of benefits that a Pharmaceutical company can gain by taking an intuitional perspective. A firm can benefit by being a follower and waiting to see if other firms are successful in a given location. A firm can also adapt to pressures in order to gain power and control over the resources they need to be successful (Brito, 2001) SUMMARIZING THE THREE THEORIES Source: adapted from Tate et, al, 2009 The main insights from the theoretical lenses when all the three theories are applied together have been summarized in the figure above. When all the theories are applied together the company will simultaneously considers corporate image, external environment threats and opportunities, best governance structure, cost efficiency and supplier relations/employee retention. FUTURE OUTLOOK CONCLUSION Though the concept of outsourcing RD to Critical Research Organisations is relatively a young concept, just over 20 years, but in a very short span of time CROs have established themselves as an indispensible part of pharmaceutical industry. CROs now account for about 20% of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological RD budget and the market for critical research services is still growing (Ed Tomlinson, 2002). The critical research market which was $9.3billion in 2001 is expected to grow up to $36 billion in 2015 with an average annual growth of 16.3% (Sahoo,A, 2006). This growth in outsourcing is expected to continue because of increasing demand for access to modern RD technologies such as genomics, high through put screening etc from big specialty pharmaceutical companies and lack of infrastructure in small pharma and biotech companies. Although CRO market is establishing a strong foothold in pharmaceutical industry in a short span of time but still it is suffering from a few shortcomings like problems in evaluating and monitoring CROs performance, clash of cultures, lack of shared vision and objectives etc. Its a great challenge to successfully manage the outsourcing relationship and generate value. Outsourcing allows pharma companies to exploit the potential of new drug discovery technologies. When pharma companies provide their core competencies and CROs supply new innovate products, a relationship is built which helps in solving problems for pharma companies. REFERENCES Tate, W.L., Ellram, L.M, Bals, L and Hartmann, E. (2009). â€Å"Offshore outsourcing of services: an evolutionary perspective†, International journal of production economics. Vol.120. pp.521-524 Garnier, J. P. (2008), â€Å"Rebuilding the RD Engine in Big Pharma†, Harvard Business Review. Sahoo, A. (2006), Pharmaceutical outsourcing strategies. Business Insights. Argyres, N., 1996. Evidence on the role of firm capabilities in vertical decisions. Strategic Management Journal 17 (2), 129-150. Barney, J., 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1), 99-120. Brito, C.M., 2001. Towards an institutional theory of the dynamics of industrial networks. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing 16 (3), 150-166. Domberger, S., 1998. The Contracting Organization: A Strategic Guide to Outsourcing. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Prahalad, C.K., Hamel, G., 1990. The core competence of the corporation. Harvard B usiness Review 68 (3), 79-91. Zucker, L.G., 1987. Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1), 443-464.

Social Learning Theory Of Crime - 1278 Words

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Whether individuals will refrain from or commit a crime depends on the balance of past, present, and anticipated future rewards and punishments for their actions (Akers and Jensen, 2006 p. 39-40). The probability that an act will be committed or repeated is increased by rewards that are higher in value and/or greater in number- positive reinforcement. Reinforces can be nonsocial as well, for example, the direct physical effects of drugs and alcohol (Akers et al. 1979). However, whether or not these effects are experienced positively or negatively is based upon previous learned expectations. Definitions Definitions are ones attitudes or meanings that one attaches to a given behavior. 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Press Release Example free essay sample

DC Premier at the Coliseum Club in Skopje, Macedonia The worlds best hip-hop producer, DC Premier is coming for the first time in Macedonia Tsarist 12 is bringing you the best hip-hop producer and the most skilful hip-hop DC, DC Premier. He will take the Coliseum clubs stage on the 30 of November, this year. The tickets will be put on sale tomorrow, so if youre planning to attend, we will see you on the last day of November, at 9 p. M. At the Coliseum.What do you write about DC Premier that hasnt been written before? His technical skills as a DC is the stuff of urban myth, and his influence lives every day in every city in clubs, basements, and bedrooms where Dads study and mimic his moves. Talk about his production? Come on! After starting a groundbreaking career as part of Gang Starr, Premiers production is often used to define a style of beats and rhymes meant to connote the truest forms of Hip Hop culture and music I want a Premier type of beat, Is something every emcee has said at some point In his or her career. We will write a custom essay sample on Press Release Example or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page writes Ruby Hornet, multimedia online destination that serves to passionately and skillfully celebrate and contribute to the full spectrum of urban culture. Some people do It for the corporate reasons, I do It for the cultural reasons and thats the difference. Im corporate too In certain avenues, but not when It comes to sacrificing the culture and compromising my viewsIf that ends up being the case, you can count me out and let somebody else take that gig. says DC Premier. After 22 years of playing music In the clubs, DC Premier Is longing for more. Even though he Is In his 40, he still got the energy and the quality of no one else. So If you are the kind of person who appreciates the classic, on the 30 of November at 9 p. M. Youll be at the Coliseum Club.

Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Everyday We Look Out Upon The Night Sk

Into the Depths of A Black Hole Everyday we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverse and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders our universe holds a mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever clandestine, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space phenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is generally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must first take a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holes are formed from the gravitational collapse of a sta r, usually having a great, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas clouds bind together due to attractive forces and form a hot core, combined from all the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so great when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs and the gases within the star start to burn continuously. The Hydrogen gas is usually the first type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as Carbon, Oxygen, and Helium are consumed. This chain reaction fuels the star for millions or billions of years depending upon the amount of gases there are. The star manages to avoid collapsing at this point because of the equilibrium achieved by itself. The gravitational pull from the core of the star is equal to the gravitational pull of the gases forming a type of orbit, however when this equality is broken the star can go into several different stages. Usually if the star is small in mass, most of the gases will be consu med while some of it escapes. This occurs because there is not a tremendous gravitational pull upon those gases and therefore the star weakens and becomes smaller. It is then referred to as a White Dwarf. If the star was to have a larger mass however, then it may possibly Supernova, meaning that the nuclear fusion within the star simply goes out of control causing the star to explode. After exploding a fraction of the star is usually left (if it has not turned into pure gas) and that fraction of the star is known as a neutron star. A black hole is one of the last option that a star may take. If the core of the star is so massive (approximately 6-8 solar masses; one solar mass being equal to the sun's mass) then it is most likely that when the star's gases are almost consumed those gases will collapse inward, forced into the core by the gravitational force laid upon them. After a black hole is created, the gravitational force continues to pull in space debris and other type of ma tters to help add to the mass of the core, making the hole stronger and more powerful. Most black holes tend to be in a consistent spinning motion. This motion absorbs various matter and spins it within the ring (known as the Event Horizon) that is formed around the black hole. The matter keeps within the Event Horizon until it has spun into the centre where it is concentrated within the core adding to the mass. Such spinning black holes are known as Kerr Black Holes. Most black holes orbit around stars due to the fact that they once were a star, and this may cause some problems for the neighbouring stars. If a black hole gets powerful enough it may actually pull a star into it and disrupt the orbit of many other stars. The black hole could then grow even stronger (from the star's mass) as to possibly absorb another. When a black hole absorbs a star, the star is first pulled into Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Everyday We Look Out Upon The Night Sk Into the Depths of A Black Hole Everyday we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming of what lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverse and unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance that lies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders our universe holds a mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complications that arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever clandestine, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understanding of the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the space phenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole is generally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must first take a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holes are formed from the gravitational collapse of a sta r, usually having a great, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas clouds bind together due to attractive forces and form a hot core, combined from all the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so great when it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs and the gases within the star start to burn continuously. The Hydrogen gas is usually the first type of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as Carbon, Oxygen, and Helium are consumed. This chain reaction fuels the star for millions or billions of years depending upon the amount of gases there are. The star manages to avoid collapsing at this point because of the equilibrium achieved by itself. The gravitational pull from the core of the star is equal to the gravitational pull of the gases forming a type of orbit, however when this equality is broken the star can go into several different stages. Usually if the star is small in mass, most of the gases will be consu med while some of it escapes. This occurs because there is not a tremendous gravitational pull upon those gases and therefore the star weakens and becomes smaller. It is then referred to as a White Dwarf. If the star was to have a larger mass however, then it may possibly Supernova, meaning that the nuclear fusion within the star simply goes out of control causing the star to explode. After exploding a fraction of the star is usually left (if it has not turned into pure gas) and that fraction of the star is known as a neutron star. A black hole is one of the last option that a star may take. If the core of the star is so massive (approximately 6-8 solar masses; one solar mass being equal to the sun's mass) then it is most likely that when the star's gases are almost consumed those gases will collapse inward, forced into the core by the gravitational force laid upon them. After a black hole is created, the gravitational force continues to pull in space debris and other type of ma tters to help add to the mass of the core, making the hole stronger and more powerful. Most black holes tend to be in a consistent spinning motion. This motion absorbs various matter and spins it within the ring (known as the Event Horizon) that is formed around the black hole. The matter keeps within the Event Horizon until it has spun into the centre where it is concentrated within the core adding to the mass. Such spinning black holes are known as Kerr Black Holes. Most black holes orbit around stars due to the fact that they once were a star, and this may cause some problems for the neighbouring stars. If a black hole gets powerful enough it may actually pull a star into it and disrupt the orbit of many other stars. The black hole could then grow even stronger (from the star's mass) as to possibly absorb another. When a black hole absorbs a star, the star is first pulled into

Sharm El Shiekh Trip Essays - Red Sea Riviera, Sharm El-Sheikh

Sharm El Shiekh Trip SHARM EL SHEIKH, Each one of us has his dreams about a lovely honeymoon; I think Sharm El Sheikh Baron Resort could meet everyone's reveries. Sandy Magdy said. Sharm El Shiekh Baron Resort has a promenade along the romantic beach of Ras Nosrani Bay and the Red Sea infront of it, stretching along the 500 meters private beach. Mr. Michael Shahin always takes his wife Sandy there, that started by a honeymoon in the beginning. It is a place where you can taste the ideal meaning of enjoyment, combined with luxury and warm feelings. Michael said. The Sharm El Sheikh Baron Resort is located three Kilometers from the airport and ten Kilometers from the old town center. One could enjoy diving but for nondivers, they could enjoy snorkeling. For shopping, one could walk along the Baron Boulevard for a variety of exclusive shops, such as the jewelry shop, book shop and airline office. At Sharm El Shiekh Baron Resort, one takes pleasure in a wonderful weather and enjoys different sports, with outstanding courts. There are 12 restaurants and bars in that place; one is never short of choice. Sandy thinks that the Sinai Restaurant is the best because it offers a variety of sumptuous international buffets. However she said that in her honeymoon she used to enjoy dinners with sea view, in a romantic atmosphere, where magic encompasses everything. For Sandy it was not a problem because she found a lot of hair and beauty salons, bazaars. Michael enjoyed himself in the Panorama bar and lounge. It is a perfect place for a friend's meeting. Also it was a great place for chatting or seeing the sunset with his partner. Your favorite drink of fresh cocktail is served in a naturally pleasant and friendly atmosphere. Michael said. The couple also spent some evenings enjoying a variety of games, playing billiards, snooker or table tennis. Michael admitted that Sharm El shiekh Baron Resort with all its fantasies is an unforgettable beginning for a couple just starting their life. He added that it is a place where you get to feel the warm breeze in your face and where you can count the colers of the sunset. Sandy was always relaxing and lying down lazily with her partner. The couple lastly said that when they first came, they were sure that all the hectic months of planning their wedding and preparing for a new future would be instantly forgotten, replaced with love thoughts of a memorable honeymoon. Creative Writing

Free Essays on The Tomb Of Medici

concerning Michelangelo’s financial status for materials and his visions for the figure. According to the book entitled, Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture; â€Å"Michelangelo was an aristocratic artist working for the pope and had a nearly unlimited budget in the 1520’s. Michelangelo also had a legendary ability to judge the quality of a block of marble; it was even said that he could see the figure imprisoned in it.†(Pg.213) I think that this quote from author, William E. Wallace, shows a very interesting background in Michelangelo’s finances and genius. He had made numerous life-size statues with handpicked blocks of marble. Wallace also states that some experts believe Michelangelo’s financial backing helped contribute to the beauty of his work. I was not sure how to take that comment at first, but after looking at many of Michelangelo’s sculptures, I think the fact that he was particular about the quality of block which was used shows that he was a master that wanted to depict figures that were unequivocally beautiful, muscular, and harmonious. The Tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici is an example of Michelangelo’s mastery of both muscular figures as well as composition. The piece was worked on from 1519 through 1534. The piece contains three figures. The elevated central figure in the piece is Giuliano de’ Medici. The niche in which Giuliano sits is very small, which I beli... Free Essays on The Tomb Of Medici Free Essays on The Tomb Of Medici One of the most famous artists ever known since the 16th century is a man by the name of Michelangelo Buonarroti. He has composed art that is both breathtaking and unmatched in such skills as painting, sculpture, architecture and poetry. Some of his most famous works of sculpture that he composed are standing in the Medici Chapel in Florence, Italy even today. I would like to speak of a particular piece contained in the Chapel entitled Tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici. First I would like to say a few words concerning Michelangelo’s financial status for materials and his visions for the figure. According to the book entitled, Michelangelo: The Complete Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture; â€Å"Michelangelo was an aristocratic artist working for the pope and had a nearly unlimited budget in the 1520’s. Michelangelo also had a legendary ability to judge the quality of a block of marble; it was even said that he could see the figure imprisoned in it.†(Pg.213) I think that this quote from author, William E. Wallace, shows a very interesting background in Michelangelo’s finances and genius. He had made numerous life-size statues with handpicked blocks of marble. Wallace also states that some experts believe Michelangelo’s financial backing helped contribute to the beauty of his work. I was not sure how to take that comment at first, but after looking at many of Michelangelo’s sculptures, I think the fact that he was particular about the quality of block which was used shows that he was a master that wanted to depict figures that were unequivocally beautiful, muscular, and harmonious. The Tomb of Giuliano de’ Medici is an example of Michelangelo’s mastery of both muscular figures as well as composition. The piece was worked on from 1519 through 1534. The piece contains three figures. The elevated central figure in the piece is Giuliano de’ Medici. The niche in which Giuliano sits is very small, which I beli...

Impact of Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Nationalism - Essay Example The most important feature of nationalism is the nationalistic behavior. It defines the ability and willingness of a nation to make sacrifices to construct national instruments such military, diplomacy, intelligence, economic etc that are necessary for the survival and integrity of any nation to keep them safe from external threats. This ability to make sacrifices for the country is the most important aspect of any countries foreign policy. The same is true for all aspects of national life. This willingness of the people to make sacrifices and nationalism makes any country more powerful. An empirical study of different cases of the world reveals that this nationalism can be mobilized to identify opportunities and achieving national goals and it can also be channelized to deal with threats to the nation as is the case of USA. Emergence of Nationalism was also observed in Russia and China after the cold war. However in the case of Russia with the disintegration of Soviet Union, the pow er, prestige, authority and economic independence was lost but Russians gain their identity and could express their love and affection for their nation. This nationalism helped them come out as triumphant from the economic and political turmoil caused by disintegration. The impact of nationalism is so strong that just ten years after the disintegration of Soviet Union, all the countries that emerged from it are very different from each other.

Noahs Ark Education Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Noahs Ark Education Plan - Essay Example Noah’s Ark is one of the most-loved bible stories of children. The story is rich in concepts and values. Children get to learn about different animals, family members, transportation, weather, and obedience. It is laden with actions, colors and sounds that children can re-enact and enjoy. In doing activities related to the story, children retain the concepts and skills learned better. The activities planned for this curriculum are balanced with quiet listening and perceiving and active participation. Activities are both educational and enjoyable – a perfect mix for a developmentally-appropriate curriculum for very young children. †¢ Watching the video of Noah’s Ark. This wonderful book introduces the children to a variety of creative dramatics ideas on the story of Noah’s Ark. The characters in the story are likewise little children who improvise on props (ex. Use a big box for the â€Å"ark†; sprinkling cut-out papers to symbolize the rain; using stuffed animals for the role of animals in the ark)

Scheme Evaluation & Future direction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Scheme Evaluation & Future direction - Essay Example The overall rational for this was that the researcher identified that there were core qualities of the original XML labelling platform that needed to be maintained even after the scheme had been designed. These qualities were deemed necessary because of the advantage they offer to data interchange programming. As mentioned already, some of these qualities were query performance, construction time and memory usage (Fennell, 2013). But to get the real measure of the GroupBased scheme’s performance or merits, it was important to introduce a new variable or parameter with which the comparative measure could take place. This necessitated the introduction of the Dynamic Dewey labelling scheme (DDE) on which the experiments were run to allow comparable evaluation under the same circumstances. To test the research hypothesis, the scheme was implemented based on the defined rules and characteristics (Ch.4). The design and implementation specifications were provided in detail in Chapter 5. As explained in the earlier chapters, the DDE scheme was implemented as it contributed to the formation of the proposed scheme. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, four main experiments were performed to test whether the scheme fulfilled its intentions. The experimental framework of these experiments and an analysis of their results were discussed in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. Generally, it is fair to state that the research hypothesis was partly supported by the results; some of the results obtained were fully supportive of the hypothesis. For example, it would be seen that the hypothesis was testing three major outcomes as far as performance is concerned. These were the need for the scheme to facilitate node insertions in an efficient way, the need to offer inexpensive labels, and the need to achieve improved query performance. As far as the outcome of facilitating node insertions in dynamic XML data in efficient way, the results of the study as

Exploitation Among Migrant Labour

Exploitation Among Migrant Labour CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION All human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity. -1944 The Declaration of Philadelphia, ILO[1] Am I been exploited, are a teacher been exploited, are a doctor been exploited, or else an insurance sales man been exploited? It seems to be the question of the day. In todays world there are so many things occurring around and in front of us, thereby the word exploitation is been a crucial topic to be looked into depth. Thus, the initial explanation that tends to be exposed in this project paper is that exploitation is a crucial thing that is going through even after the onset of the Modern world system. The term exploitation in this paper will generally draw on the exploitation among migrant labour that answers the question above. They are really been exploited in the world system that is constantly under the umbrella of capitalism. The big trouble of the world today is that market forces are overwhelming the state institutions and this happens when the governments in the rich countries are being forced to scrap their welfare state services. Meanwhile in the poor countries forces to abandon populist measures introduced to uphold national independence and protect the poors. In illustrating this paper, the well-known world system theory will be a theoretical framework basically in explaining the exploitation among migrant labour.The opening of the 21st century has witnessed continuing controversies over how nation states should react to potential migrant flows and the seeming inability of migrants to integrate into the receiving state. Whether migrants always benefit the population that is expected to receive them is quite another matter, however. The only clear beneficiary of migration is the migrant. Whether their movement benefits the people in the country of destination all depends on circumstances. That is why borders cannot be fully opened, just as in peacetime they cannot be fully closed. [2] Indeed, the investment in developing countries made by developed countries takes full use of the cheap labour. Meanwhile the migrant labours productivity is very comparable to local low waged workers. Simultaneously, open border is urged as a parallel to free trade, as though people were goods. But goods do not go where they are unwanted, goods have no rights or feelings, goods do not reproduce or vote, goods can be sent back or scrapped when no longer needed. Immigration concerns people, not objects, and consequently political and social importance is potentially much greater than any economic effect it may have. All areas of human activity have safeguards and regulations because markets are imperfect. It would be a very harsh world without them. Absolutely free movement of people is no more possible then the absolute free trade. Trade is never free, and free trade always depends on negotiated conditions. It seems that the border is symbolising a free trade, but the sad thing is that international system and international law itself is against international labour mobility especially as in the case of the free movement of migrant labour in question. Subsequently, the national borders are precisely what are hurled faced by migrants in Europe and beyond. Ranging from temporary seasonal workers who are exploited in the fields of Andalusia in Spain; to legal migrants who live and work every day in Eurospace; undocumented migrants working in irregular jobs in Italy or the UK, in factories or in the home, as many women do; tolerated refugees living in an isolated junglecamp in Northern-Germany; migrants detained in a camp in Greece or Poland, or even in front of the externalized EU-borders in Morocco or Ukraine. They all are crossing and forcing the boundaries living inside and struggling against the same monster which is the border control. Even as a strong regional economic power, due to its extensive reserves of oil and gas, Kazakhstan have been identified by numerous cases of violations of the rights of migrant workers, especially those working in the agriculture and construction industries. Migrants without regular status and wit hout contracts are particularly vulnerable to exploitation: long working hours, lack of rest days, confiscation of passports, non-payment of salaries and sale of migrant workers from one employer to another. In both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, corruption within the police, customs, and border officials places migrants at constant risk of extortion and deportation. Such violations are generally committed with complete immunity.[3] Consciously, todays migrants labour, men and women alike, face various challenges including poor conditions of work and harsh working environments, racism, sexism and labour market discrimination. In addition, women and men migrants frequently sacrifice decent living conditions, health care, nutrition and education. Women migrant workers concentration in private homes and other unregulated venues rather than public workplaces can represent more vulnerability in terms of discrimination on gender, racial, ethnic, occupational and nationality grounds. They certainly could find themselves victims of exploitation, hazardous work conditions and psychological, physical and sexual abuse. In occupations such as domestic work, women migrant workers often find themselves excluded from the right to family reunification. Large numbers of them can also often find themselves excluded from legal employment when arriving as spouses of temporary workers. It is widely recognized that the most painful s ocial cost of migration is the separation of children from their parents, especially when it is the mother that has migrated. Simultaneously, all over the world capitalist exploitation is unimaginable without the global differences, constructed through filters and zones, the hierarchies and inequality, and through the external as well as the internal borders. Illegalisation and deportations on one hand, selective inclusion and recruitment of migrant workforce on the other hand, are two sides of the same coin: migration management for a global apartheid regime, whose most precarious conditions of exploitation are based on the production of hierarchies in terms of rights and on racist discrimination. Low wage countries in the south are used to undercut wages through relocation of production, low wage sectors in the north are targeting young migrant workers: trying to keep them obedient by blackmailing them, as their right of residence is linked to their jobs. It surely makes sense that migrant labour is forced to live in precarious hell, and they still struggles and finds a no way out to improve conditions tr aditionally, or even voice demands for visibility, rights and citizenship. Historically, in the last twenty years, World System theory has become one of the common structures used by historians and also the social scientists to account for the political economy of complex societies. The world system theory thus emphasizes the role of long distance exchange dominated by highly centralized core areas as the main factor explaining both the organization of less complex neighbouring, institutions, and routes of developmental change. The classic and defining example of a world system is the extension of European colonial control over Africa and the Americas from the sixteenth century to the present. But now, the system is well known as capitalist world system under which capitalism acting as a dominator in the class system divided by core and periphery in which situation that the core dominates the periphery. [4] Ideas of Adam Smith, Ricardo, Karl Marx have significantly contribute to the development of the world system theory. Marxism does influence popular scholar like Immanuel Wallerstein who has analysis the modern world system that comprises core, periphery and also the semi-periphery.Wallerstein have stated that the relations between the three stages (core, periphery, semi-periphery) are interconnected with each other and there is an unequal dependencies among the three stage.[5] Thus, the unequal or unbalanced dependencies introduces another significance of stimuli in migrant labour as will be shown in the Malaysian case.. So, following from the historical development, the concept of nationality emerged to link citizens formally to the state. Simultaneously, the presences of international migration come to be defined as the movement of persons that is non-nationals or foreigner, across national borders for purposes other than travel or short-term residence. [6] Significantly, globalization that drives as a force to modern world system has become more crucial since 1990s mainly after the collapse of Soviet Union. In a matter of fact, the trend of globalization has significantly widened the scope of free market economy albeit movement of capital and this has sufficiently created the income gap between developed countries and developing countries. Marauding capitalism in other words is farther reshaping as the free market system which are been dominated by the core or developed countries. Thus, with the wide economic disparity, labour market imbalances between the countries and the undeveloped labour migration regimes have all inevitably contributed to cross-border labour movement, especially immigrant labour.[7] Significantly, it is obvious that there is an unbalanced development going on mainly because of the surplus of production that is unevenly dispersed. It can be stressed and pointed out that the migrant labour that has been a subject of exploitation since the emergence of capitalism and more critically known as world capitalist system. In capitalism, workers sell labour, so labour is a commodity as well that is bought and sold and has exchange value. It is exactly proven that all profit that gain by capitalism comes from the labours. Meanwhile, the flow and movement of workers to other countries are according to the labour market that is being caught under the power of capitalism. In this matter, migrant labour is the main momentum to the capitalist mainly to increase their capacity. Migrant labour which are largely from Asian countries such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and Philippines move to other countries due to the flow of the labour market system.[8] Many migrant labour enter illegally or on various short-term pretexts seeking to stay and improve their position by any available means. And even the economic benefits of labour migration, once uncritically acclaimed, are less clear than they were and may well in some cases be negative when all costs are considered. Too easy an access to migrant labour can create distortion and dependency in an economy. Any large modern society which finds that it in some way needs constant flows of immigrants, over a long time, is suffering from this labour problem with its society or labour market or economy which it ought to rectify by reforming itself, not depending on the rest of the world. (Borjas 1996, Wardensjo 1999) In no other area of public policy are we urged to believe without doubting whatever business has revealed about its supposed labour needs, and to give it all it wants. Business interests however are short-term. Easy immediate access to labour will always be preferred to the costs of training and capital investment for the longer term. According to fundamental economic theory, uncontrolled migration is always beneficial because labour is then enabled to flow from countries with abundant cheap labour and little capital to high wage areas where labour is scarce but capital abundant. Obviously, free migration is expected to equalise the ratio of capital to labour everywhere, until equilibrium is reached where wages have equalised and capital efficiency is maximised. Net migration then comes to an end. However these simple assumptions are seldom satisfied. Poor counties with population to spare greatly outweigh destination countries. Compared with the latter, their populations are effectively infinitely large. The equalization of wages expected from this process means lower wages in the receiving countries. Fundamental political theory and practice tells us the wage reductions so welcome to economists and employers are distinctly unattractive to employees and electorates. Most migrants do not bring capital with them, in addition many move forreasons little connected with the labour market. So instead, the supporters of migration now spend much effort assuring us that the theoretically desirable macro-economic deflationary consequences of migration cannot actually arise, but that all can benefit from higher incomes. The latter argument is looking increasingly messy as evidence mounts that the effect is divisive. Previous immigrants, and the poorer sections of society,suffer adverse consequences while the middle class may enjoy cheaper services from migrant labour.[9] In a matter of fact, the segmented labour market provides another escape route that some jobs will not be done by locals and must be done by immigrants. However one of the reasons why locals will find some jobs unattractive is because it is mostly immigrants who perform them. If employers can pay immigrant, not in local wages, they thereby become dependent on perpetual immigrant labour, in some cases illegal. The concept of segmented labour markets finds little realistic support on a large scale. Where such segmented markets do exist they tend to be a function of excessively low wages, insufficient capitalisation of the function in question or excessive levels of employment protection in the regular economy running hand in hand with illegal migrant for employment. The suggestion that some unattractive jobs must in future be done by foreigners implies the weed of a permanent ethnically distinct underclass.[10] More strategically, migration changes economies and creates dependence on further migration. It allows obsolete low-wage, low-productivity enterprises to continue in poor conditions, which otherwise would have to raise the wages of their workers, introduce more capital intensive processes or export the function to the countries where it could be performed more cheaply for everyones benefit. International migration refers to the push and pull movements of populations across national frontiers that are the circulation patterns of persons in which who emigrate (exit) and immigrate (enter). Simultaneously, one of the most striking changes in the character of international labour migration in Southeast Asia especially in Malaysia during the second half of the twentieth century has been the great increase in the scale, complexity, and significance of Indonesian labour migration. Malaysia had selectively practised open borders even after gaining Independence in 1957, and irregular migration revealed itself as a problem only in the early eighties when the economy began to slow down. In the first half of the twentieth century, there are plenty of migrant labours that comprised a large number and were welcomed both as settlers and temporary indentured workers. Thus, it has been stated that the foreign workers come from twelve countries in the region that is from the ASEAN countries and neighbouring countries supplying a much needed workforce in Malaysias agricultural, construction, manufacturing and services sectors.[11] Of the 1,8 million persons registered in the statistics by the Ministry of Home Affairs, the largest number of migrants come from Indonesia (1,2 million) and works mainly in the plantation sector (381,582 of them) followed by Nepali (192,332 persons registered) mostly represented in the manufacturing industry (159,990). According to the figures, Indian workers (134946) are legally employed in the same sector (34685) but also in the services (61,273) and in the plantations (27,759). Other sending countries include Burma (88,573), Vietnam (81,194), Bangladesh (55,389), Philippines (21,694), Pakistan (13,296), Cambodia (5,832),Thailand (5,753), Sri Lanka (3,050) and China (1,295).[12] Based on official figures, the foreign working force seems to be constantly growing. However, no consistent national immigration policy has been decided by the authorities. There is a total absence of direction between the various national Ministries involved in the management of migrant workers. The absence of a written immigration policy or immigration quotas also reflects the ad hoc approach of the government; the policy in this field seems mainly reactive. Various members of civil society confirmed that the sustainability of the Malaysian economy is deeply related to this illegal immigration. Malaysia, as with many countries of immigration, relies on foreign workers for the 3D jobs (Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult), often avoidedrejected by the Malaysian nationals. From the late 1950s to the 1960s, undocumented migrants, predominantly from Indonesia, were silently welcomed as they belonged to the same racial stock and could be easily assimilated and integrated into the Malay community. This political motivation was later followed by economic necessities. In the 1970s, rapid development under the New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed for the absorption of a new wave of migrants, and by 1984, there was an estimated half a million migrant population in the country, all of whom were undocumented. The unofficial estimates were much higher at around one million.[13] Their movement to Malaysia was also unrestricted. Since the 1980s, economic, social, and demographic changes in the region, consistent with accelerated globalisation, have deeply affected Indonesian labour migration to Malaysia. The destinations of Indonesian labour migrants currently overlap national boundaries to a far greater extent than before, and many more Indonesians have acquired the ability to move as free workers. Despite the legal and administrative channels to employment in Malaysia, irregular migrants take high risks to be in irregular status for a variety of reasons. Unlike the employment of highly-skilled labour, legal recruitment of low-skilled labour involves several intermediaries in the sending and receiving countries to process their movement, raising their transactions costs of migration. In contrast, illegal employment is less time-consuming and uncooperative, and cheaper for both employers and migrants. In another view, it is obviously can be stated that the most migrant labour came to Malaysia as a legal workers, but after some time, the workers will be cheated by their agents or their employers, and finally the legal or documented workers will be become illegal. Besides that, policies also tie foreign workers in legal status to a particular employer and location. Hence, foreign workers who prefer greater freedom and flexibility, and seek more opportunities to earn higher income resort to irregular migration. On the supply side, there is a ready secondary job market for irregular migrants. Despite severe sanctions against employers hiring irregular migrants, they continue to hire irregular migrants since they are cheaper and can be hired for shorter periods than warranted by the work permit. In addition, employers caught hiring irregular migrants are rarely punished, giving the impression that they are immune to the tough laws. Irregular migrants are likely to work in the informal sectors of the economy or in the remote parts of the country. They are also more open to exploitative working conditions and resort to crime when unemployed. They live in horrible housing conditions and are a source of highly contagious diseases. As far as concerned, estimates of irregular migrant workers varied from as low as one million to as high as two million in the mid-1990s, depending on whether it is official or unofficial. The high incidence of irregular migration has been curbed to some extent through a combination of measures that include tough immigration and labour laws that penalize migrants as well as those hiring, harbouring or trafficking in irregular migrants, strict border and internal controls, regularization and amnesty programmes and bilateral engagement with host countries. Apprehended irregular migrants are either prosecuted and sentenced to imprisonment or placed in detention centres before being deported. The Malaysian government faces enormous problems in repatriating irregular migrants due to legal barriers and lack of administrative resources. In overall, the goal of this project paper is to investigate the push and pull factors that have given a deep impact on labour exploitation, as in the case of Malaysia and Indonesia labour movement. Thus, Wallersteins concept of World System Theory will be used as a theoretical framework in this project. Significantly, Wallersteins concept did explain the exploitation of core on periphery, but this project paper tend to add his concept by emphasizing that in current context, labour exploitation did occur among the peripheries/ semi peripheries especially in the case between Malaysia and Indonesia. This paper also will briefly explain the level of exploitation among migrant labour in various sectors in Malaysia. PROBLEM STATEMENT This paper is mainly written to explain the relevance of Wallersteins concept of labour exploitation in current context. Thus, this paper illustrates the current situation of migrant labour in contemporary world system where they are being the subject of exploitation.Basically, in current situation, a large number of migrant laboursare going through a stage of exploitation. For instance, we can look at what is going on in Florida, where thousands of migrant farmworkers are being abused and can be regarded as modern slavery. Meanwhile, if we look at Dubai now, thousands of migrant construction workers mainly from South Asia are being exploited. More precisely, this paper mainly focuses on the level of exploitation among the Indonesia migrant labour in Malaysia in a variety of sectors especially plantation, construction, and the domestics. Beside, this paper will add to Wallersteins concept by stressing that labour exploitation did occur among the peripheries/ semi peripheries mainly b ecause of the uneven development between them. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research questions ask as follows: Does International Law discriminate against international mobility of migrant labour? Is Indonesian migrant labour being the subject of exploitation in Malaysia, and if it is true, in what sense are they being exploited? What is the push and pull factors shaping Indonesian migrant labour exploitation in Malaysia? What are the remedies taken or proposed? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objectives of this study is as below: To analyse the wallersteins theory of labour exploitation in the current context. To determine whether Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia being exploited or not. To analyse the push and pull factors that persuade Indonesian migrant labour seeking job in Malaysia. To suggest solutions and options to overcome the labour exploitation in Malaysia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This paper will precisely illustrate the difficulties that are being faced by the migrant labour according to the World System theory and specifically on the Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia. Thus, the problem of what faced by the immigrant labour is not of a small scale, but are in a big and complex proportion. they all are facing a large problem that we should consider. The migrant labour are largely been exploited in many ways by capitalists. Therefore, this paper is trying to look into this matter more sharply and take into consideration on the exploitation among Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia that shaped by the push and the pull factors causing the uneven development between the semi periphery that is Malaysia and the periphery that is Indonesia. So, this project paper tends to deepen the World System theory by putting a point that there is an uneven development going on between Malaysia and Indonesia that really shape the exploitation among the migrant labour from I ndonesia. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The world can be perceived as a core and periphery dichotomy where core countries are characterized by high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a merging of trade flows. The core has a level of dominance over the periphery which is reflected to flow of migrant labour to other countries. In a simple way, it is obvious that international relations are shaped by global inequality that is under the sphere of world system theory, core-periphery, and dependency theory. In specify, this paper will touch on the capitalist exploitation on migrant labour especially on the matter of Indonesian migrant labour in Malaysia. This paper also will touch on the different level of capitalist dependency between Indonesia and Malaysia that caused the dependency between the semi-periphery and periphery country that contribute to the flow of Indonesian migrant labour to Malaysia and how are being exploited mainly because of the uneven development and capitalist system. LITERATURE REWIEW There are few writers that have significantly pointed out their views on migrant labour on being a subject of exploitation in the current context. In Marxian political economy, exploitation refers to class exploitation, meaning to say the producer exploit the proletariat with low wages well below the actual amount of work done. The proletarian is forced to sell his or her labour power cheaping in order to survive. While the capitalist exploits the work performed by the proletarian by accumulating the surplus value of their labour. Therefore, the capitalist makes a living out of owning of the means of production and generating a big profit, which is really the product of the labour, the actual producers. Refer to the www.answers.com) Sarah H. Paoletti. (2009), have pointed out that migrant labour can be found labouring in all industries and all socioeconomic levels across the world. But it is migrant workers both with lawful status and without-who are engaged in low wage employment defined in the international dialogue by 3 Ds dirty, dangerous, and degrading. The writer has critically stated that there is a vast amount of exploitation among the migrant labour which are specifically from low skilled or unskilled jobs. In addition, the writer has taken the human rights perspectives. In other perspective, Bach. R. L.,and Schraml. L.A. (1982), have stressed that the push and the pull factors are in a matter of fact shaping the labour exploitation. In this case, it is true that immigration results from push and pulls factors. It is tend to be said that the pushers can be famine, hurricanes, civil war, lack of jobs and drought meanwhile the pullers may be social stability, economic strength or real job possibilities.In this case, Bach and Schramltend to say that the migrations among people especially labour are being subjected by the push and the pull factors. Generally these scholars tend to agree that labour exploitation really takes place because of the push and pull factors.Meanwhile, Castles and Kosack (1973) advocate a Marxist interpretation of race relations, which arise essentially from the way in which the richer European nations have dominated and exploited poorer nations. It is useful to capitalism to have a reserve army of labour. Furthermore, migration favours the host country. The migrants are young, strong and healthy and have had their upbringing at the expense of their parent country. Thus, the host country has not had to pay for this. They regard migration as a form of development aid for the migration countries that acquires labour with little cost. Besides, Claudia von Werlhof (2007), a well-known Professor of Women ´s Studies at the Institute for Political Science, Department of Political Science and Sociology, University of Innsbruck, have put into consideration the woman question was addressed as a part of the wider social and ecological context. Generally, she intent was to explain how these phenomena could exist in the midst of alleged peace and democracy, which is a capitalist regime of wage labour, and allegedly ever increasing standards of living within industrialized nations what passes for western civilization. However, a look beyond the confines of the so-called First World expanded the question further on how was it possible that, despite its incorporation underprogress and development, the so-called Third World remained characterized by underdevelopment and a lack of skilled labour. Borjas (1999) has introduced the notion of a global migration market, where individuals nationally calculate the relative benefits of staying put as opposed to moving to one or another foreign destination. People migrate to places where the expected net returns over a given time period are greatest. But in this matter of fact, immigrant labour that goes to other countries have going through exploitation mainly because of the capitalist that conquer the labour. It is true that dependency have cost a lot of implication to the immigrant labour because the unbalanced and different level of dependency among core and periphery have definitely cause a nation state to send their labour to another countries. Borjasalso describes a more modern version and extension of the economic equilibrium approach to migration. He also shows that the self-selection of migrants on the basic of the unobserved abilities depends entirely on the extent of income inequality in the host and the source country. Us ually international migration is rarely a free movement of people across borders, but usually strongly influenced by various physical and non-physical barriers. A prominent scholar Samir Amin(1990) observed that workers at the periphery are been super-exploited because the differential of wages and incomes from non-wage labour in general is much higher than the differential of productivities and in which productivity increases that take place in developed nations are passed on to their workers in the form of higher wages and income, while most or all of the productivity increases that take place in developing nations are reflected in lower prices. In another perspective, B.N. Ghosh (2007), expressed that exploitation contributes to the generation of inequalities, and inequalities in many cases are responsible for exploitation. Ghoshs view is sufficiently been revealed from the view of Mahatma Gandhi and he also strongly believed that capitalist development accentuates inequalities that lastly created the exploitation among people especially the labours. According to Ghosh from the political economy perspective, exploitation implies taking ad vantage of some people or situation to serve selfish interests without corresponding compensation to the exploited party. Thus, in this matter, his view is really on the point that the capitalist really exploited the labours especially on what is going through by Indonesian immigrant labour in Malaysia that is being exploited by the capitalist and because of the uneven development. It is interesting to read the article of Thomas P. Rohlen (2002), on Cosmopolitan Cities and Nation States: Open Economics, Urban Dynamics, and Government in East Asia, have sufficiently explained that global capitalism in the new world system is shaping the urban agenda that he had mainly focused in East Asia countries such as Taipei, Japan, and Korea. In this article also, Thomas had explained that how a city which unable or unwilling to comply with the expectations and the standards of international capitalism are precisely look to be in a state of disadvantage. Its seems that capitalism in the world system did significantly became a force to give instruction to other states and this could bring about the stage of exploitation mai

Four season goes to paris Essay

This case demonstrates how Four Seasons effectively creates, cultivates, and sustains its organizational culture throughout every place the company expands its business to. In 1999, Four Seasons took over the Hotel George V in France and reopened it as the Four Seasons Hotel George V Paris (F. S. George V) leading the company to cope with cultural difference issues. Research showed that a strong organizational culture correlates with the firm’s high performance (Sorensen, 124). Therefore, it is vital for managers, whose work deals with international aspects, to realize the importance of corporate culture and know how to help their companies maintain the culture. In this paper, I will discuss about organizational culture of Four Seasons, French culture related to the hospitality industry, possible conflicts and resolution between Four Seasons and France employee regarding organizational culture. Four Seasons’ culture centered on providing customers with an exceptional service and giving its human resources high value. In terms of service, the company blended uniform service standards with local ingredients resulting in a customized hotel that goes hand in hand with its host country. To elaborate, the company ensured that every employee adopts the service standards and put them into practice. This is because sharing the same standard helps bond the employees to one another. Consequently, these bonds lead to creating corporate culture. The company put emphasize on its valuable human resources by introducing â€Å"The Golden Rule,† highlighting dignity and respect throughout the organization (Hallowell, Bowen, and Knoop, 4). The company created a strong culture through selection and socialization procedure (Sorensen, 125). First, the company recruited people based on their attitude fit to the organizational culture. For example, all potential job candidates at the F. S. George V were interviewed four times. Four Seasons was convinced that an employee with the right attitude could adapt to its culture. Second, the firm strengthened its culture through rules implementation and auditing performance helping to increase cultural persistence. Consequently, persistence contributed to maintaining the company’s culture. Third, the firm sustained its belief through association with symbols (Sorensen, 126). For example, when his uniform gets dirty, an employee is supplied with a uniform to change. This symbolizes and reminds the employee of dignity according to â€Å"The Golden Rule. † Differences between French culture and Four Seasons’ culture can create potential conflicts when both cultures collide. On one hand, French culture is indirect and subjective. French people are non confrontational. Face saving and dignity are vital in employee evaluation. French people are proud of their nationality. They are emotional and take honor into account when providing services. The working style of French people is polychronic (Hallowell, Bowen, and Knoop, 7). They regard personal relationship more important than fixed appointments. On the other hand, Four Seasons’ North American culture is more direct and objective. An employee feels comfortable to talk openly to his manager. In turn, the manager can give the employee sincere feedback on his performance. It is vital to follow business schedule strictly. This section talks about cultural conflicts and resolutions. Cultural differences between Four Seasons and France employee can bring about conflicts when the two collaborate. Especially, when the company has to embrace employees from the Hotel Gorge V. This means the hotel has to deal with an existing culture that is different from its own. The company’s confrontational style in managing people can be ineffective and considered insulting in France. French employee with monochronic culture may not know that attend meeting late is unacceptable for Americans with polychronic culture (Hallowell, Bowen, and Knoop, 7). Also, French people are emotional which is good in providing exceptional service to impress guests. However, being too emotional can result in inconsistency of service. For example, a concierge may treat one guest better than the other according to his own preference. This disrupts harmony in organizational culture in that the service standards require employees to treat every guest equally. To solve cultural difference issues, the company gradually replaced the existing culture with a new one aiming at employees who were willing to change and adopt the company culture. When the majority of employees embraced corporate culture, which prioritizes service standards, the company could resolve service inconsistency issue. The firm also hired Le Calvez, a truly French man as a F. S George V general manager. His experience in dealing with union in New York facilitated him in reducing gap between its employees and the union. Then, the hotel assigned the task force to the F. S. Gorge V to make sure that the opening will run smoothly. This task force helped building Four Season’s culture. Also, it symbolized the company’s unity worldwide. Realizing that French employees are indirect and avoid confronting with their boss, Four Seasons used direct line to encourage them to speak up and voice their concerns comfortably. In conclusion, this paper presents Four Seasons’ culture, National culture of France, main conflicts when the two cultures collide, and the approaches Four Seasons took to resolve such conflicts. The company created and cultivated its corporate culture through communication, implementation, and symbolization.

Management Accounting System Design in Manufacturing Departments Essay

The model was tested by means of empirical data collected from a questionnaire addressed to 160 production managers. The response rate was 82. 5%. The ? ndings provide some support for the notion that organizations adapt their MAS design to the control requirements of the situation. Furthermore, the study o? ers some empirical support for the existence of suboptimal equi? nality. That is, in situations which lack of a single dominant imperative, several alternative, and functionally equivalent management control system (MCS) designs, may arise. O 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction Since the mid-eighties, there has been a trend in manufacturing towards customization and novel approaches to organizing production, including JIT/TQM models of control (Schonberger, 1986; Womack, Jones, & Roos, 1990). The pursuit of such strategies poses signi? cant challenges for the management since they typically imply intensi? ed interdependencies among functionally di? erentiated departments and new means of managing the work? ow (Bouwens & Abernethy, 2000; Kalagnanam & Lindsay, 1998). The multiple contingencies model stems from recognition that the demands placed on MAS design by multiple contingencies may con? ict (Fisher, 1995), i. e. , attempts to satisfy one demand may mean that other demands cannot be satis? ed. It is also explicitly assumed that the need for coordination and control can be met by several alternative, and equi? nal, management control system design strategies. The assumption is justi? ed by the long-held view that management control subsystems may not only complement each other but also substitute for each other (Fisher, 1995; Galbraith, 1973; Mintzberg, 1983). The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The following two sections de? ne the constructs, develop the theoretical model, and conclude with a number of exploratory propositions. The process of data collection and data analysis is then detailed in the fourth section. The results of the study are presented and discussed in the ? fth and sixth sections, respectively. The last section contains concluding comments and some suggestions regarding future research. De? nition of constructs For a long time there has been an interest among scholars in documenting ? relationships between features of context in which the organization operates and its management control arrangements.

The 1999 DBQ essays

The 1999 DBQ essays The American Revolution did not happen overnight. There were many events that led up to the Revolution, and in the process the colonists united more and more against a common cause (i.e. freedom from English rule). This does not mean that the colonists were completely united, because they were not, but in the end they were united enough to overcome the British rule and become independent. The colonists were a different breed of people found nowhere else, and they defined themselves as Americans, not English. There were many factors that incited the revolution. Major factors include taxation, lack of the equality under the law with Englishmen, and the presence of the British army in their midst. The colonists were a very different group of people than the people of their mother country. In Document G, Hector St. John describes the new American. He describes a person whose grandfather is English, wife is Dutch and whose son married a French woman. He is an American who has forgotten the bad things about his past, the poverty, and taken up a completely new life. But this alone is not enough to unite all the colonists together and think of themselves as Americans. The Colonists really started to unite after the French and Indian War. When the war was over the colonists thought that they would get more respect from the British along with an end to higher taxes, and colonists being able to settle in the fertile Ohio Valley. None of this happened. The colonists were not allowed to settle in the Ohio Valley because the British did not want any more trouble with the Indians. After the war the British had a huge war debt and the only way to get rid of it was to tax the colonies. The colonists united when Parliament declared the Sugar Act. Colonists saw that if only one colony was against the Sugar Act, that the British would strike them down and make even worse regulations for everyone. ...

Research Paper Outline

Research Paper Outline Research Paper Outline Research Paper Outline The research paper should demonstrate your ability to research a topic assigned by the professor. Research paper topics may be different, however, in most cases, you are given a broad one and it is your responsibility to narrow it to specific research proposal. For example, while writing a research paper on automobile industry, you need to narrow the topic to more specific - current automobile industry in the United States. The first place to visit is your college or university library. Sure, you will find a lot of sources online, however, there no full-text reliable articles and you may face plagiarism issue. Therefore, try to use minimal number of internet-based articles. State your topic is a question (hypothesis) and underline the main concept in it. Sure, research paper writing cannot be based on one article or one book.University level research paper of 10 pages long should reference at least 15 sources (articles, books, publications, reports, etc.). In addition , you should avoid providing summaries of articles. On the contrary, you should strive to provide critical overview of the articles and skillfully integrate them into your research paper. If you need research paper help, you may also try our professional services online! While writing a research paper, you need to read a couple of articles on background information. Background information will help you to understand the broader context of your research paper and give you the basis idea what is already known on your chosen field of research. Always take notes and pay attention to the list of the publications in your textbook and in the articles you read. You may find very useful sources in the bibliography list. It is very important to reference all of the cited and consulted sources in accordance to the specific style! If you fail to reference the cited source, you are at risk of getting F on your research paper. You do not want to risk with your grades, do you? Research Paper Outline Research paper outline is written with the purpose to organize your ideas. You do not have to write a very detailed outline - the preliminary plan can consist of the list of your ideas only. Later, in the process of information gathering, outline points will evolve into detailed paragraphs. First, write down the main ideas, then, list the subordinate ideas below the main ideas. Avoid any repetition of ideas! Every research paper is made up of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion. The introduction is the first paragraph of research paper. It should begin with a general information on the topic and end with a more specific statement of the main idea of research paper. The purpose of the introduction is to let the reader know what the topic is, inform the reader about the purpose of research. The research paper body follows the introduction. It consists of several paragraphs in which you develop research paper ideas in detail. While writing research paper, limit each paragraph to one idea. Do not cover several topics in one paragraph! Prove your points by using specific examples and quotations from reliable sources. Use transition words to ensure smooth flow of ideas from paragraph to paragraph. Custom Written Research Paper Not sure how to write a good research paper? Ask our writers for assistance and we will deliver custom research paper prior to deadline! You are entitled to request unlimited number of revisions and claim free plagiarism report. If we fail to deliver custom written research papers prior to deadline, we guarantee 100% refund!

How did teddy roosevelts life prepare him to build panama canal Essay

How did teddy roosevelts life prepare him to build panama canal - Essay Example The Panama Canal was a project by the French that would save the long journey from the Atlantic to Pacific via South America and which took months to get across from. Just as the Suez Canal had attracted investors, the Panama Canal was believed to be a viable project for future investors as well. Due to the bad weather and wild animals including snakes and insects that caused malaria, thousands of workers died and millions were used without any much work being completed and the canal was left unfinished by the French. Once he became president, Roosevelt picked up the project in 1902 and they reached an agreement of $40 million to buy the rights from the French and agreement reached with Panama of $10 million which secured the Canal Zone rights to build. This was not so smooth a deal as US had to go to war with Columbia over Panama and US won amid bribery of soldiers to surrender the war and it made Panama a country with its own sovereign rights from Columbia and hence accepting the deal from the US of the rights in exchange for the money to build their country (Vander Hook,

U.K.FILM INDUSTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

U.K.FILM INDUSTRY - Essay Example On waking up, The Bride sets out on a bloody trail of vengeance killing her ex-colleagues one-by-one, leaving Bill for the end, thus deriving the eponymous name of the movie. Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, the movie is divided into ten chapters, five per volume. Chronological fragmentation leaves the viewer guessing till the start of Volume 2 (Chapter six: Massacre at Two Pines) as to the exact motivations behind The Bride's gory path of violence. Most reviews were positive with some critics calling it a masterpiece. Detractors pointed to its questionable morality, pop-culture dialog and graphic depictions of extreme violence. Many scenes were filmed on location in China, Japan and North America and completed over eight months of shooting. Produced by Miramax Films a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company (Disney), it had an initial budget of US $42 million which shot to $60 million plus under the direction of Miramax' golden boy -Tarantino. Miramax, founded by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in 1979, started life as a independent film distribution company before being acquired by Disney in 1993 for $80 million. From the beginning, the Weinstein brothers focused on the independent film segment, generally shunned by the big studios due to the perceived lack of commercial viability. A string of stellar hits made them an acquisition target for Disney and Harvey Weinstein grew to become the "darling" distributor of the experimental and independent feature film world and ultimately emerged as one of the most powerful and influential moguls in Hollywood.2 Kill Bill was distributed in the UK by Buena Vista International, the global distribution arm of Disney. Research Methods: The primary source of information in researching this paper has been the Internet. Material on subjects of popular culture like movies is exhaustively available, giving one a wide range of perspectives to study and analyze. One of the dangers with Internet based research is the larger scope for factual errors due to source inaccuracies. This has been largely mitigated by cross verifying the information from different sources. For example, the Harry Weinstein biography referenced here has been reviewed at Wikipedia3 as well as IMDB (Internet Movie Database)4 and Yahoo! Movies5. Evidence of Commercial Relevance: Originally, Kill Bill was written and filmed as a single movie extending slightly over four hours. Harvey Weinstein fearing audience fatigue over such a long movie hit upon the idea of editing it and shrewdly released it as two films during the last quarter of 2003 and the first quarter of 2004. The timing proved to be a stroke of marketing genius. The films featured in the top ranks in two consecutive years in addition to raking in a huge commercial gross. They were a big success ranking in the top 25 at the UK box office in both years of release, with combined worldwide receipts exceeding US $331 million6 ( 190 million). In the UK, their combined box office gross was over 20 million7. Video rental and DVD sales have also shown very strong numbers with rental figures touching $25 million (as of 25th April 2004) and first day US DVD sales reaching $40 million. Background: Movie genre classification is problematic in that most movies have long since crossed over from a rigid formulaic approach to entertainment with central themes spanning